Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Regular exercise is not a risk factor for cardiovascular disease; in fact, it is a protective factor. Engaging in regular physical activity helps to maintain a healthy weight, reduces stress, improves cholesterol levels, and strengthens the heart. Exercise promotes better circulation and enhances the body’s ability to utilize oxygen, all of which contribute positively to cardiovascular health.

In contrast, smoking, immobility, and obesity are all established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Smoking damages blood vessels, increases blood pressure, and promotes the development of atherosclerosis. Immobility can lead to a variety of health issues, including increased risk of heart disease due to poor circulation and weight gain. Obesity contributes to cardiovascular disease through several mechanisms, including increased blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels, and a greater risk of developing conditions such as diabetes.